Verb; ,definition ,kinds of verb, and example of verb,Function of verb

       Definition:

         A verb is a word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being. It is one of the most important parts of speech in the English language and it is used to express the actions that the subject of the sentence is performing or the conditions and states that it is in. Verbs can be simple, such as "run," "jump," or "be," or they can be complex, made up of multiple words, such as "has been running." They play a crucial role in forming sentences and conveying meaning

Some linguists described as,

 "A verb is a word used for saying something about a person or thing" by John Nesfield

" A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing" by Wren and Martin.

" A verb is a word that denotes being having or doing something" by P.C. Das.

Function of Verb:

Tapu walks, Rumana writes, Fire burns

Let the door open, Rice is etten Hasan,

The pen is old. We were present, The cow is useful.

             In linguistic terms, a verb is a word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being. The function of a verb in a sentence is to serve as the main predicate and provide information about the subject. The verb also typically conveys the tense of the sentence, indicating whether the action is ongoing, completed, or will occur in the future. Additionally, verbs can play different roles in a sentence depending on the context, such as being an intransitive verb, transitive verb, linking verb, auxiliary verb, or modal verb. The specific function of a verb in a sentence can greatly impact its meaning and interpretation.

Kinds of Verb:

Mainly two kinds of Verb:

1. Finite verb            

2. Non-Finite verb       

                                    

 👉 1. Finite verb:- 🅰)Principle verb 

                               🅱  Auxilary verb

      ⇒    Principle Verb:-🅰Transitive verb

                                       🅱 Intransitive verb

                     →   Transitive verb:-🅰Reciprocal

                                                 🅱Reflexive

                                                  🅲 Factitive

                                                  🅳 Quasi-passive

                       →   Intransitive verb;-🅰Causative verb

                                                      🅱Copulative verb

                                                       🅲 Cognate verb

      ⇒    Auxilary verb :🅰Primary auxilary

                                       🅱Models

                         →   Primary auxilary:🅰To be 

                                                             🅱to do

                                                              🅲 to have

                                                      

👉 2.Non finite verb:🅰Gerund

                                 🅱Participle

                                  🅲 Infinitive

                     ⇒   Participle:🅰Present

                                                 🅱Past

                                                  🅲 Future

                          ⇒   Infinitive:🅰Simple

                                                🅱Gerundial

1. Finite verb :

         The mangoes taste sweet

         He attended a meeting 

       A finite verb is a verb that has a subject and agrees with the subject in terms of tense, number, and person. A finite verb is used to express an action or state of being in a sentence and is the sentence's main verb that determines the sentence's tense. Examples of finite verbs include "run," "is," "were," etc A finite verb typically indicates when the action, occurrence, or state of being it expresses takes place and agrees in number and person with the subject of the sentence.

"She sings beautifully,"

He "sings" is a finite verb because it has a tense (present) and acts as the main verb in the sentence, expressing the action that the subject (She) is performing.

👉 There are two types of Finite verb:

    a) Principle verb: 

             A principal verb, also known as a main verb, is a type of verb that expresses the main action or state of being in a sentence. It is the verb that carries the most meaning in a sentence, and it is usually the last verb in a verb phrase.

For example,  "She is reading a book,"

                        "He has been sleeping all day,"

Here the principal verb is "reading," which expresses the main action that the subject "she" is performing. 

The principal verb is "sleeping," which expresses the main state of being that the subject "he" is in. 

      b) Auxilary verb:

            An auxiliary verb, also known as a helping verb, is a type of verb that is used together with a main verb to express grammatical and semantic relationships between different parts of a sentence.

 Auxiliary verbs can be used to form different tenses, moods, and aspects of the main verb, as well as to make questions, negative statements, and other types of constructions.

 Examples of auxiliary verbs in English include "be," "have," and "do," as well as modal verbs such as "can," "could," "may," "might," "shall," "should," "will," and "would."

 For instance, in the sentence: "She is eating a sandwich,"

                                                 "He has finished his homework,"

      The auxiliary verb "is" is used with the main verb "eating" to form the present continuous tense, which indicates an action that is happening right now. In the sentence the auxiliary verb "has" is used with the main verb "finished" to form the present perfect tense, which indicates a past action that has relevance to the present.

👉Here are two types of Principal verbs:

a) Transitive verb :

                           I do the sums

                           Hasan helped her

 The verb "do" indicates the object "sums" to complete its meaning.

        A transitive verb is a type of verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning. In other words, a transitive verb is an action verb that needs to have a noun or pronoun object that receives the action of the verb.

For example, in the sentence "She ate an apple", the verb "ate" is a transitive verb because it requires the direct object "an apple" to complete its meaning. Without the object, the sentence would be incomplete and would not make sense.

Other examples of transitive verbs include "throw", "write", "kick", "give", "build", "paint", and "play". 

b) Intransitive verb:  

            Birds fly.

               The children run. 

                    An intransitive verb is a type of verb that does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. In other words, an intransitive verb is an action verb that does not need a noun or pronoun object to receive the action of the verb.

For example, in the sentence "He ran", the verb "ran" is an intransitive verb because it does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. The sentence makes sense and is complete without any additional information.

Other examples of intransitive verbs include "sleep", "laugh", "cry", "arrive", "rise", "fall", "dance", and "smile". These verbs express actions that do not need to be directed towards an object to make sense.

👉 There are  4 types of Transitive verb: 

     a) Reciprocal verb:

         We help each other

         The two boys love each other

         The students help one another

A reciprocal verb is a verb that indicates an action that is done by two or more people or things to each other. These verbs are used when the subject of the verb is also the recipient of the action. 

     b)Reflexive :

             I wash myself.

 In the sentence "I wash myself," the verb "wash" is reflexive, and the pronoun "myself" refers to the subject "I".

             She ruined herself.

Here ruined is reflexive verb.

        A reflexive verb is a verb that is used when the subject and the object of the verb refer to the same entity or person. In other words, the action of the verb is directed back to the subject, who is both the doer and the receiver of the action.

Reflexive verbs are usually accompanied by reflexive pronouns, which indicate that the subject is performing the action on itself. 

For example, Other examples of reflexive verbs include "enjoy oneself," "hurt oneself," "wake up," "get dressed," "brush one's teeth," and "shave oneself."

c)Factitive verb:

           "She painted the wall red,"

            In the sentence the verb "painted" is a factitive verb because it denotes the action of making the wall become red.

          A factitive verb is a verb that denotes the act of making or causing something to become a particular state or condition. 

 Similarly, in the sentence "He melted the chocolate," the verb "melted" is a factitive verb because it expresses the action of causing the chocolate to become liquid.

Other examples of factitive verbs include "bake," "build," "cook," "craft," "create," "fashion," "forge," "mold," "sculpt," and "whittle." Factitive verbs are often used in contexts related to art, craftsmanship, cooking, and manufacturing.

It's worth noting that not all verbs that denote a change in the state are factitive verbs. For example, the verb "break" denotes a change in state, but it does not involve the creation of a new state or condition. 

    d) Quasi-passive:

• The book is written in Spanish. (The verb "is written" appears passive, but actually conveys the stative meaning that the book exists in a state of being written in Spanish.)

• The flowers are picked fresh daily. (The verb "are picked" appears passive, but actually conveys the adjectival meaning that the flowers are in a state of being fresh and picked daily.)

A quasi-passive verb is a verb that appears to be in the passive voice, but actually conveys a stative or adjectival meaning. Quasi-passive verbs are formed using a form of the verb "to be" followed by a past participle, which is the same form used to form true passive verbs.

In each of these examples, the quasi-passive verb is not expressing a true passive voice meaning, but rather a state or condition.

→Intransitive verb;- 

      a) Causative verb:

    A causative verb is a type of verb that indicates that a subject causes or makes another person or thing to do or experience something. In other words, a causative verb expresses that the subject is responsible for the action or state described by the verb.

There are 2 main types of causative verbs:

1.  Direct causative verbs: 

           These verbs indicate that the subject causes or makes another person or thing do something directly. Examples include "make", "force", "let", "have", and "get".

For example:

• She forced the suspect to confess.

• They let the dog out of the cage.

• He had the car fixed by a mechanic.

• She got him to study harder.

• The rain caused the flowers to bloom.

• The new policy resulted in increased profits.

• The earthquake brought about widespread destruction.

2.  Indirect causative verbs: 

             These verbs indicate that the subject causes or makes a situation or condition to exist that results in the action or state described by the verb. Examples include "cause", "result in", and "bring about".Causative verbs allow speakers to describe how one person or thing influences the actions or states of others.

   b) Copulative verb :

                  A copulative verb, also known as a linking verb, is a type of verb that connects the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Copulative verbs do not express an action but instead describe a state of being or a relationship between two things.

The most common copulative verb is "to be," but other verbs such as "seem," "appear," "become," and "feel" can also function as copulative verbs in certain contexts.

For example:

• She is a doctor. (The copulative verb "is" connects the subject "she" to the subject complement "doctor.")
• He seems happy. (The copulative verb "seems" connects the subject "he" to the subject complement "happy.")
• The food smells delicious. (The copulative verb "smells" connects the subject "food" to the subject complement "delicious.")
• The flowers became wilted. (The copulative verb "became" connects the subject "flowers" to the subject complement "wilted.")

In each of these examples, the copulative verb connects the subject to a subject complement that describes or identifies the subject in some way. Copulative verbs are important in English because they help to clarify the relationship between the subject and subject complement in a sentence.

c) Cognate verb: 

            A cognate verb is a verb that has the same or similar meaning in two or more languages that are related. Cognate verbs are formed from a common root in two different languages and share a similar form and meaning.

 For example, the English verb "to sleep" is a cognate of the German verb "schlafen," both of which have the same meaning of "to sleep."

Cognate verbs can be helpful for language learners because they allow them to recognize and remember vocabulary more easily.

For example, someone who speaks Spanish and is learning English may recognize that the English verb "to create" is similar to the Spanish verb "crear," which has the same meaning.

However, not all words that look similar in different languages are cognates, and not all cognates have the same meaning. For example, the English word "library" and the Spanish word "librería" look similar but have different meanings. Similarly, the English verb "to become" and the German verb "bekommen" are similar in form but have different meanings ("to become" vs. "to receive").

In summary, cognate verbs are verbs that have the same or similar meaning in two or more related languages and can help language learners recognize and remember vocabulary more easily.

 a) PrimaryAuxilary verb:

A primary auxiliary, also known as a helping verb, is a type of verb that is used with a main verb to form verb phrases in English. The three primary auxiliaries in English are "be," "have," and "do." These verbs can function as main verbs on their own, but they are also used to form various verb tenses, questions, negatives, and other grammatical constructions.

The primary auxiliary "be" is used to form progressive tenses, which describe an ongoing action in the present or past. For example:

• She is studying for her exam. (present progressive)
• They were playing soccer yesterday. (past progressive)

The primary auxiliary "have" is used to form the perfect tenses, which describe a completed action in the past, present, or future. For example:

• He has finished his work. (present perfect)
• We will have arrived by then. (future perfect)

The primary auxiliary "do" is used to form questions and negatives in the present tense. For example:

• Do you like pizza? (present tense question)
• I do not want to go. (present tense negative)

Primary auxiliaries are important in English because they allow speakers to convey more complex information about the time, aspect, and mood of a verb. They also help to form various grammatical constructions in English.

 b) Model verb:

                 A model verb, also known as a modal verb or a modal auxiliary, is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to express various attitudes or aspects of the speaker's intention, such as possibility, necessity, permission, ability, willingness, or prediction.

 Examples of model verbs in English include "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," "shall," "should," "will," "would," and "ought to." 

Model verbs are used in combination with other verbs to modify their meaning, and they can also function as standalone verbs in certain contexts.